By Chidalu Glory
Albinism is a genetic condition characterised by a decreased production of a pigment called melanin in an individual’s eyes, skin and hair. The absence of melanin leaves the skin white or pale, with the body hair varying from white to yellow or light brown. Persons living with albinism may have sensitive eyes or even be visually impaired. This because of the lack of melanin in the eyes which can cause issues such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), photophobia (sensitivity to light), and reduced visual acuity. Albinism is not a taboo, contagious and can be found in all races and tribes around the world. Albinism can only be inherited from the defective genes of both parents. It is common for parents with normal skin to give birth to a child with albinism.
Albinism in Africa is highly associated with superstitions and stereotypes that negatively affect the lives of albinos. Some of these stereotypes are dangerous to their life. In some cultures, people believe PWA have magical powers, are immortal and have the power to disappear. Some also believe that sex with PWA cures HIV/AIDS. This puts PWA at risk of rape and contracting sexually transmitted diseases from their sexual partners. In East Africa, there is belief that drinking the blood of PWA can bring good luck, and their body parts possess supernatural powers. This has led to the death of PWA as people try to use them for rituals. In 2013, a total of 207 cases of killings of albinos by “albino hunters” was reported. Albinos are an endangered species, and there have been cases where ransom has been placed on some of the body parts as some witch doctors believe, it makes a charm potion potent.
Most people believe albinos smell and, therefore, avoid being near them. Albions can have body odor just as a person without albinism can have one with proper personal hygiene. There is also the belief that associating with an albino can lead to conceiving one. Albinos suffer from withdrawal syndrome due to the abuse and discrimination they face. They are often excluded from community life and enjoy social and economic opportunities.
Mothers have been accused of having sexual intercourse with white men or even being bewitched for giving birth to albinos. Mothers are sometimes separated from their babies due to the belief that albinism is contagious and an abomination. Others believe albinos are cursed and evil spirits sent by the gods to punish their families for committing evil in the past. Some see it as a sign that the gods or ancestral powers are unhappy with a lineage. Due to this, people avoid families with albinos to avoid partaking in their curse. Albinos are sometimes hidden from the public as families are often ashamed of them.
There is a widespread belief that albinos lack sunlight and should be constantly exposed to the sun to help their skin regain melanin. This has led to babies being exposed to sunlight, which is dangerous to their skin and increases the chance of skin cancer. PWAs are prone to skin cancers due to poor or little melanin in their skin and should always use sunscreens to reduce the effects of ultraviolet rays on their skin.
Another widespread myth about albinism is that PWAs are not intelligently sound. People believe albinos have low intellectual ability and can not engage in brilliant activities. This belief limits their life opportunities, as employers often don’t employ them. Albinos are normal human beings who may be intelligent or not, depending on their genetics. The presence of melanin does not affect one’s level of intelligence.
There is a need to educate the public on albinism and the various myths surrounding it. It is necessary and crucial to dispel the stereotypes they face. PWAs are normal human beings and deserve access to community and social life and the chance to enjoy economic opportunities.
